A new study by researchers at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh offers insight of how and where automation might replace operator hours in long-haul trucking.
The study found that 94 percent of operator hours may be impacted if automated trucking technology improves to operate in all weather conditions across the continental U.S. Currently, automated testing is mainly being tested in the sun belt states due to the more predictable and less harsh weather.
Sun belt states include Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, New Mexico, Nevada, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Utah.
“Our results suggest that the impacts of automation may not happen all at once,” says Parth Vaishnav, study co-author and assistant professor of sustainable systems at the U-M School for Environment and Sustainability. “If automation is restricted to Sun Belt states — because the technology may not initially work well in rough weather — about 10 percent of the operator hours will be affected.”
In addition, the study explored different automated trucking deployment scenarios, including deployment in southern, sunny states; deployment in spring and summer months (April 1 to Sept. 30); deployment for journeys more than 500 miles; and deployment across the U.S.
“Our study is the first to combine a geospatial analysis based on shipment data with an explicit consideration of the specific capabilities of automation and how those might evolve over time,” says study co-author Aniruddh Mohan, a doctoral candidate in engineering and public policy at Carnegie Mellon.
Long-haul trucking is generally defined as transport that covers more than 150 miles. Several companies currently are working on developing automation for long-haul trucking that is designed to work as a “transfer hub” model.
It would involve an automated truck completing the highway leg of the route and human drivers undertaking the more complex suburban-urban segments at both the starting and end points of the journey. Truck ports near highways would be used to switch out the trailer from the prime mover and enable this switch at both ends.
Labor accounts for about two-fifths of the cost of trucking, so deploying automated technology will be seen as an attractive option for trucking companies to save money. There are concerns, however, about the potential job losses for workers.
“Because trucking is viewed as one of the few jobs that give folks with a high school education the chance to make a decent living, there is a concern that automation will eliminate these jobs,” says Vashinav. “Some people worry that all or most of the million or more trucking jobs might be lost.
“In terms of numbers, our analysis showed that automation could eliminate a few hundred thousand jobs (as opposed to a million or more), but there is plenty of evidence to suggest that for most people these are fleeting, poorly paid, and unpleasant jobs. We think that it is possible that the number of operator hours lost at truck stops, because automated trucks will have no drivers who need to be served at truck stops, could be compensated by new employment opportunities at transfer hub ports.”
The researchers also analyzed if automated trucking could lead to an increase in short-haul driving jobs, which involve transporting shipments within a 150-mile radius. They determined that the operator hours of work lost to the automation of long-haul trucking would not be made up both in terms of quantity and quality by short haul driving work. Short-haul jobs typically pay less than long-haul jobs creating the potential for a reduced livelihood for workers.
“We found that an increase in short-haul operation is unlikely to compensate for the loss in long-haul operator-hours, despite public claims to this effect by the developers of the technology,” says Vaishnav.
“As a result of these conflicting claims, as well as the uncertainty over the technology itself and its limitations, there is little clarity on how automated trucking will be deployed and its economic and political ramifications, such as the impact on the long-haul trucking labor market. We hope to help resolve these controversies.”
As part of their study, the researchers conducted interviews with trucking industry stakeholders, including tractor-trailer operators, to determine the feasibility of automated trucking deployment.
“A key finding was just how economically attractive this technology would be and the fact that everyone, including truckers, agreed that the interstate part of the job could be automated,” says Vaishnav. “Ultimately, societal and political choices can determine the mode of deployment of automated trucking capabilities, as well as the winners and losers of any shift to automation of long-haul trucking.”
The research was supported by Carnegie Mellon University’s Department of Engineering and Public Policy and the Block Center for Technology and Society. The study was published online March 15 in the journal Humanities and Social Sciences Communications.
